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Transponder

Total number of broadcast communications
For more details on this topic, see Transponder (satellite communications).
A communications satellite channels are called transponders, because each is a separate transceiver or repeater. With the digital video data compression and multiplexing, several video and audio channels may travel through a single transponder bandwidth on a single bracket. Original analog video only channel has a transponder, with subcarriers for audio transmission ATIS and automatic identification. No multiplexed radio stations can also travel single channel per carrier (SCPC) mode with multiple carriers (analog or digital) per transponder. This allows each station to transmit directly to the satellite, instead of paying for a transponder, or using phones to send to a ground station for multiplexing with other stations.
Aviation
For more details on this topic, see Transponder (aviation).
Another type of transponder occurs on identification friend or foe of military aircraft systems and Air traffic control secondary surveillance radar (beacon radar) systems for general aviation and commercial aviation. Primary radar works best with large aircraft metal, but not so well in small planes, compounds. Its scope is also limited by terrain and rain or snow and also detects unwanted objects such as automobiles, hills and trees. In addition, you can not always estimate the altitude of an aircraft. Secondary radar overcomes these limitations, but depends on a transponder on the plane to respond to interrogation by the ground station to make the plane more visible.
Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder returns a transponder code (or "tag whoop") (Mode A) or altitude information (Mode C) to help air traffic controllers to identify the aircraft and to maintain separation. Another mode called Mode S (Mode Select) is designed to help prevent overinterogation the transponder (having many radars in the occupied areas) and allow automatic collision avoidance. Mode S transponders are 'compatible' with Modes A and C. Mode S is mandatory in controlled airspace in many countries. Some countries have also required or are moving toward requiring that all aircraft be equipped with Mode S, even in uncontrolled airspace. However, in the field of general aviation, there have been objections to these moves, because of cost, size, limited benefit to the airspace users uncontrolled, and in the case of balloons and gliders, the power requirements during long flights.
Marine
Navigation Aids often have transponders RACON call designed to make them stand on the radar screen of a ship.
Automotive
Many modern cars (especially the more expensive models) are keys with transponders hidden inside the plastic housing of the key. The car owner may not even be aware that the transponder is there because there are no buttons to press. When a key is inserted into the ignition lock cylinder and turned the vehicle's computer sends a radio signal to the transponder. Unless the transponder replies with a valid code, the computer will not allow the engine to be started. Transponder keys have no battery, but are energized by the signal its own radio.
Road
E-ZPass system in the eastern United States is one of many payment systems in bridge and road tolls by an RFID transponder in the car. The 407 ETR in Ontario is one of the first fully automated toll road in the world.
Motorsport
The transponders are used in motor sport for measurement purposes of turns. A ribbon cable is dug into the racing circuit near the goal line. Each car has an active transponder with a unique identification code. When the racing car passes the start / finish line lap time and position racing is evident in the score.
Passive and active RFID systems are used in off-road events such as Enduro and Hare and the dog races, the drivers have a transponder on their person, usually in the arm. When you complete a return pass or touch the receiver that is connected to a computer and record your lap time. The Casimo Group Ltd make a system that does this.
NASCAR uses transponders and cable loops positioned at numerous points around the track to determine the lineup for a period of caution. This system replaced a dangerous running back to the finish line.
Submarine
Sonar transponders operate underwater and are used to measure distance and form the basis of its underwater location marking, position tracking and navigation.
Gated
Transponders can also be used by residents to enter their gated communities.
References
^ XPDR
^ XPNDR
^ TPDR
^ TP
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
External Links
Transponding with DCC – Transponding in model railroading.
Categories: Communication circuits | Radio electronics | Radar | Motorsport terminology | Radio Frequency Identification | WirelessHidden Categories: Wikipedia article text of the Federal Standard 1037C articles | media houses MIL-STD-188 About the Author

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